414 - Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria who reigns as regent and proclaimed herself Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire.
965 - Pope Benedict V dies
1187 - The Crusades: Battle of Hattin – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
1534 - Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.
1569 - The King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus finally sign the document of union between Poland and Lithuania, creating new country known as Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1774 - Orangetown Resolutions adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts
1776 - American Revolution: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress.
1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
1826 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States, dies the same day as John Adams, 2nd President of the United States, on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence.
1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
1863 - American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield after its loss at the Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Southern invasion of the North.
1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
1879 - Anglo-Zulu War: the Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burnt to the ground, thus, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.
1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
1903 - Philippine–American War officially ends.
1914 - The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna, six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo.
1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
1943 - World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Kursk, the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle at Prokhorovka village.
1946 - After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the Philippines attains full independence from the United States.
1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.
1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.
2009 - The Statue of Liberty's crown reopens to the public after eight years of closure due to security concerns following the September 11 attacks.
2009 - The first of four days of bombings takes place on the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao.
2012 - The discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.
Famous Birthdays
1546 - Murad III, Ottoman sultan
1799 - Oscar I of Sweden
1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States
1910 - Gloria Stuart, actress
1924 - Eva Marie Saint, actress
1931 - Lawrie Dring, founded World Federation of Independent Scouts
1937 - Her Majesty Queen Sonja of Norway
1942 - HRH Prince Michael of Kent
1944 - Ray Meagher, actor
1957 - HRH Princess Chulabhorn Walailak of Thailand
1963 - Henri Leconte, tennis player
1978 - Andrea Gabriel, actress
1990 - Alyssa Miller, model
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