1148 - The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
1565 - The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland.
1567 - James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
1693 - War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen – France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
1836 - Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.
1848 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt – in Tipperary, Ireland, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put down by police.
1899 - The First Hague Convention is signed.
1900 - In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci.
1921 - Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.
1948 - Olympic Games: The Games of the XIV Olympiad – after a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, open in London, United Kingdom.
1957 - The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
1973 - Greeks vote to abolish the monarchy, beginning the first period of the Metapolitefsi.
1987 - British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President of France François Mitterrand sign the agreement to build a tunnel under the English Channel (Eurotunnel).
2005 - Astronomers announce their discovery of the dwarf planet Eris.
Famous Birthdays
1166 - Henry II, Count of Champagne
1846 - Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
1883 - Benito Mussolini, Il Duce/Dictator of Italy
1905 - Dag Hammarskjöld, 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations
1917 - Rochus Misch, courier, bodyguard, and telephone operator for Adolf Hitler, last survivor of the Führerbunker
1933 - Robert Fuller, actor
1942 - Tony Sirico, actor
1949 - Jamil Mahuad, 51st President of Ecuador
1959 - John Sykes, singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 - Rodney Allen Rippy, actor
1973 - Wanya Morris, singer
1980 - Fernando González, tennis player
1982 - Allison Mack, actress
1990 - Matt Prokop, actor
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