1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
1653 - At the Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portugue
1777 - American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton.
1815 - Austria, the United Kingdom, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.
1861 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States.
1870 - The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
1925 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
1956 - A fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower.
1959 - Alaska is admitted as the 49th US state.
1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.
1977 - Apple Computer is incorporated.
1994 - More than seven million people from the former Apartheid Homelands, receive South African citizenship.
1999 - The Mars Polar Lander is launched.
Famous Birthdays:
106 BC - Cicero, Roman statesman and philosopher
1196 - Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan
1819 - Charles Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer Royal for Scotland
1862 - Sir Matthew Nathan, Governor of Queensland
1879 - Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States
1883 - Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1926 - Sir George Martin, record producer
1944 - Blanche d'Alpuget, novelist, biographer
1946 - John Paul Jones, musician
1956 - Mel Gibson, actor and director
1981 - Eli Manning, football player
1989 - Alex D. Linz, actor
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