38 BC - Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
395 - Emperor Theodosius I dies in Milan, the Roman Empire is re-divided into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under Honorius, his brother (aged 10).
1377 - Pope Gregory XI moves the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.
1595 - Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.
1608 - Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 men.
1648 - England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
1773 - Captain James Cook and his crew become the first Europeans to sail below the Antarctic Circle.
1781 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens – Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina.
1811 - Mexican War of Independence: In the Battle of Calderón Bridge, a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.
1852 - The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Boer colonies of the Transvaal.
1917 - The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.
1944 - World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four battles with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties.
1945 - World War II: Soviet forces capture the almost completely destroyed Polish city of Warsaw.
1945 - The Nazis begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces close in.
1961 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the "military-industrial complex".
1982 - "Cold Sunday": in numerous cities in the United States temperatures fall to their lowest levels in over 100 years.
1991 - His Majesty Harald V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father, Olav V.
1996 - The Czech Republic applies for membership of the European Union.
2007 - The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea nuclear testing.
2010 - Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria, resulting in at least 200 deaths.
Famous Birthdays:
1463 - Frederick III of Saxony, Elector of Saxony
1504 - Pope Saint Pius V
1600 - Pedro Calderón de la Barca, playwright
1732 - King Stanislaw II August Poniatowski of Poland
1831 - Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria
1860 - Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland
1863 - David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister
1899 - Al Capone, gangster
1922 - Betty White, actress
1922 - Robert De Niro, Sr., painter
1940 - Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay
1954 - Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., lawyer and environmental activist, son of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy
1964 - Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States
1978 - Ricky Wilson, singer
1980 - Kimberly Spicer, model
1984 - Calvin Harris, music producer and vocalist
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