351 - The Jewish revolt against Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine.
558 - In Constantinople, the Dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.
1274 - In France, the Second Council of Lyons opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
1429 - Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans, pulling an arrow from her own shoulder and returning, wounded, to lead the final charge. The victory marks a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.
1664 - Louis XIV of France inaugurates the Palace of Versailles.
1697 - Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced by the current Royal Palace in the eighteenth century.
1794 - French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French First Republic.
1915 - World War I: German submarine U-20 sinks RMS Lusitania, killing 1,198 people including 128 Americans. Public reaction to the sinking turns many formerly pro-Germans in the United States against the German Empire -- Japanese 21 Demands Ultimatum to China (Commemorated as National Day of Humiliation)
1920 - Kiev Offensive: Polish troops led by Józef Piłsudski and Edward Rydz-Śmigły and assisted by a symbolic Ukrainian force capture Kiev only to be driven out by the Red Army counter-offensive a month later.
1937 - Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist Francisco Franco's forces.
1940 - The Norway Debate in the British House of Commons begins, and leads to the replacement of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain with Winston Churchill three days later.
1948 - The Council of Europe is founded during the Hague Congress.
1992 - The Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on its first mission (STS-49)
1999 - Pope John Paul II travels to Romania becoming the first pope to visit a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.
1999 - Kosovo War: In Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese citizens are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
1999 - In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
2000 - Vladimir Putin is inaugurated as President of Russia.
2007 - Israeli archaeologists discover the tomb of Herod the Great south of Jerusalem.
Famous Birthdays
1328 - Louis II, Elector of Brandenburg
1767 - Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia
1826 - Varina Davis, author, First Lady of the Confederate States of America
1847 - Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1892 - Josip Broz Tito, revolutionary and 1st President of Yugoslavia
1909 - Edwin H. Land, scientist and inventor, co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation
1919 - Eva Perón, actress and First Lady of Argentina, wife of Juan Perón
1939 - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1945 - Christy Moore, singer-songwriter and guitarist
1956 - Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1969 - Katerina Maleeva, tennis player
1974 - Breckin Meyer, actor
1986 - Mark Furze, actor
1986 - Matt Helders, drummer
1987 - Jérémy Ménez, footballer
1992 - Alexander Ludwig, actor
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