395 - Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of the more powerful Roman empresses of Late Antiquity.
1296 - First War of Scottish Independence: John Balliol's Scots army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Dunbar.
1522 - Combined forces of Spain and the Papal States defeat a French and Venetian army at the Battle of Bicocca.
1650 - The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army from Orkney invades mainland Scotland but is defeated by a Covenanter army.
1777 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Ridgefield: A British invasion force engages and defeats Continental Army regulars and militia irregulars at Ridgefield, Connecticut.
1810 - Beethoven composes Für Elise.
1813 - War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York (present day Toronto, Canada).
1840 - Foundation stone for new Palace of Westminster, London, is laid by wife of Sir Charles Barry.
1909 - Sultan of Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown, and is succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.
1941 - World War II: German troops enter Athens.
1945 - World War II: Benito Mussolini is arrested by Italian partisans in Dongo, while attempting escape disguised as a German soldier.
1961 - Sierra Leone is granted its independence from the United Kingdom, with Milton Margai as the first Prime Minister.
1974 - 10,000 march in Washington, D.C., calling for the impeachment of US President Richard Nixon
1992 - The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, comprising Serbia and Montenegro, is proclaimed.
1992 - Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman to be elected Speaker of the British House of Commons in its 700-year history.
1996 - The 1996 Lebanon war ends.
2007 - Estonian authorities remove the Bronze Soldier, a Soviet Red Army war memorial in Tallinn, amid political controversy with Russia.
Famous Birthdays
1650 - Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen consort to King Christian V of Denmark and Norway
1701 - Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
1791 - Samuel Morse, inventor and painter, co-inventor of the Morse code
1806 - Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Queen consort of Spain
1822 - Ulysses S. Grant, general and 18th President of the United States
1848 - King Otto I of Bavaria
1910 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China
1927 - Coretta Scott King, civil rights activist, wife of Martin Luther King, Jr.
1948 - Kate Pierson, singer-songwriter and musician
1954 - Frank Bainimarama, 8th Prime Minister of Fiji
1962 - Ángel Comizzo, footballer
1967 - HRH Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, heir to the throne of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1972 - David Lascher, actor
1973 - Sébastien Lareau, tennis player
1982 - Katrina Johnson, actress
1989 - Emily Rios, actress
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