286 - Emperor Diocletian elevates his general Maximian to co-emperor with the rank of Augustus and gives him control over the Western regions of the Roman Empire.
325 - Crown Prince Jin Chengdi, age 4, succeeds his father Jin Mingdi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
1572 - In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
1865 - American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks.
1867 - Singapore becomes a British crown colony.
1891 - The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
1922 - Six Irish Catholic civilians are shot and beaten-to-death by a gang of policemen in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
1924 - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch". However, he spends only nine months in jail, during which he writes Mein Kampf.
1933 - The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of anti-Semitic acts.
1937 - Aden becomes a British crown colony.
1937 - Jaén, Spain is bombed by Nazi forces.
1945 - World War II: Operation Iceberg – United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war.
1947 - Paul becomes king of Greece, on the death of his childless elder brother, George II.
1955 - The EOKA rebellion against the British Empire begins in Cyprus, with the goal of obtaining the desired unification ("enosis") with Greece.
1971 - Bangladesh Liberation War: The Pakistan Army massacre over 1,000 people in Keraniganj Upazila, Bangladesh.
1976 - Apple Inc. is formed by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne
1979 - Iran becomes an Islamic Republic by a 99% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.
1992 - Start of the Bosnian war.
2001 - Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the Netherlands, the first country to allow it.
2009 - Croatia and Albania join NATO.
2011 - After protests against the burning of the Quran turn violent, a mob attacks a United Nations compound in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, resulting in the deaths of thirteen people, including eight foreign workers.
Famous Birthdays
1220 - Emperor Go-Saga of Japan
1815 - Otto von Bismarck, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire
1885 - Clementine Churchill, Wife of Sir Winston Churchill
1904 - Sid Field, comedian and actor
1921 - Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, musician and songwriter
1930 - Grace Lee Whitney, actress
1942 - Phil Margo, musician
1952 - Annette O'Toole, actress
1961 - Mark White, guitarist
1972 - Jesse Tobias, musician
1983 - Matt Lanter, actor and model
1986 - Hillary Scott, singer
1990 - Julia Fischer, athlete
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