1203 - The Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault. The Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos flees from his capital into exile.
1453 - Battle of Castillon: The last battle of Hundred Years' War, the The French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the battle in Gascony.
1717 - King George I of Great Britain sails down the River Thames with a barge of 50 musicians, where George Frideric Handel's Water Music is premiered.
1762 - Catherine II becomes Tsar of Russia upon the murder of Peter III of Russia.
1856 - The Great Train Wreck of 1856 in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, kills over 60 people.
1918 - On the orders of the Bolshevik Party carried out by Cheka, Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his immediate family and retainers are murdered at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.
1918 - The RMS Carpathia, the ship that rescued the 705 survivors from the RMS Titanic, is sunk off Ireland by the German SM U-55; 5 lives are lost.
1932 - Altona Bloody Sunday.
1933 - After successfully crossing the Atlantic Ocean, the Lithuanian research aircraft Lituanica crashes in Europe under mysterious circumstances.
1936 - Spanish Civil War: An Armed Forces rebellion against the recently-elected leftist Popular Front government of Spain starts the civil war.
1944 - World War II: Napalm incendiary bombs are dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, near Saint-Lô, France.
1945 - World War II: the leaders of the three Allied nations, Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin, meet in the German city of Potsdam to decide the future of a defeated Germany.
1948 - The South Korean constitution is proclaimed.
1968 - A revolution occurs in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is overthrown and the Ba'ath Party is installed as the governing power in Iraq with Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as the new Iraqi President.
Famous Birthdays
1487 - Ismail I, Shah of Persia
1745 - Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Russian general
1831 - Xianfeng, Emperor of China
1898 - Berenice Abbott, photographer
1910 - Barbara O'Neil, actress
1935 - Donald Sutherland, actor
1944 - Catherine Schell, actress
1952 - David Hasselhoff, actor and musician
1963 - His Majesty King Letsie III of Lesotho
1982 - Natasha Hamilton, singer
1998 - His Excellency Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y Borbón, fifth in line to the Spanish throne
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