1500 - Vicente Yáñez Pinzón becomes the first European to set foot on Brazil.
1564 - The Council of Trent issues its conclusions in the Tridentinum, establishing a distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
1564 - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tsardom of Russia in the Battle of Ula during the Livonian War.
1589 - Job is elected as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
1699 - Treaty of Carlowitz is signed.
1736 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne.
1837 - Michigan is admitted as the 26th US state.
1838 - Tennessee enacts the first prohibition law in the United States
1841 - The United Kingdom formally occupies Hong Kong, which China later formally cedes.
1861 - American Civil War: The state of Louisiana secedes from the Union.
1870 - American Civil War: Virginia rejoins the Union.
1905 - The world's largest diamond ever, the Cullinan weighing 3,106.75 carats (0.62135 kg), is found at the Premier Mine near Pretoria in South Africa.
1924 - Saint Petersburg, Russia, is renamed Leningrad.
1930 - The Indian National Congress declares 26th January as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) which occurred 20 years later.
1934 - German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed.
1942 - World War II: The first United States forces arrive in Europe landing in Northern Ireland.
1950 - The Constitution of India comes into force, forming a republic. Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first President of India. Observed as Republic Day in India.
1965 - Hindi becomes the official language of India.
1978 - The Great Blizzard of 1978, a rare severe blizzard with the lowest non-tropical atmospheric pressure ever recorded in the US (until October 2010), strikes the Ohio – Great Lakes region with heavy snow and winds up to 100 mph (161 km/h).
2004 - President Hamid Karzai signs the new constitution of Afghanistan.
2009 - Rioting breaks out in Antananarivo, Madagascar, sparking a political crisis that resulted in the replacement of President Marc Ravalomanana with Andry Rajoelina.
Famous Birthdays
1497 - Emperor Go-Nara of Japan
1763 - Charles XIV John of Sweden, general
1826 - Julia Dent-Grant, First Lady of the United States
1892 - Bessie Coleman, pioneer aviator
1904 - Seán MacBride, statesman, Nobel Prize Laureate
1914 - Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar
1918 - Nicolae Ceauşescu, 1st President of Romania
1925 - Joan Leslie, actress
1941 - Scott Glenn, actor
1953 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Secretary General of NATO
1958 - Ellen DeGeneres, actress and comedian
1963 - Andrew Ridgeley, musician
1978 - Kelly Stables, actress
1984 - Wu Qian, classical pianist
1989 - Torrey Smith, football player
2008 - Paul the Octopus
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