30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
1423 - Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – the French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne
1492 - The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
1498 - On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
1588 - The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
1655 - Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): the Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.
1790 - The first US patent is issued, to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
1856 - Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.
1932 - The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.
1941 - The Holocaust: under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."
1971 - Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
1991 - The United States and Soviet Union both sign the START I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries' stockpiles.
1992 - Georgia joins the United Nations.
2006 - Fidel Castro hands over power to brother Raúl Castro.
2012 - Michael Phelps breaks the record set in 1964 by Larisa Latynina for the greatest number of medals won at the Olympics.
Famous Birthdays
1143 - Emperor Nijō of Japan
1527 - Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
1737 - Princess Augusta of Great Britain
1835 - Henri Brisson, 50th Prime Minister of France
1839 - Ignacio Andrade, 25th President of Venezuela
1921 - Peter Benenson, lawyer and activist, founder of Amnesty International
1921 - Whitney Young, civil rights activist
1944 - Geraldine Chaplin, actress
1951 - Evonne Goolagong, tennis player
1958 - Bill Berry, singer-songwriter and drummer
1964 - Jim Corr, singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965 - J. K. Rowling, author
1974 - Emilia Fox, actress
1978 - Will Champion, drummer and singer
1988 - A. J. Green, footballer
1989 - Victoria Azarenka, tennis player
1992 - Kyle Larson, race car driver
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