1227 - Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.
1850 - The Roman Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX.
1911 - Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
1912 - The Ulster Solemn League and Covenant is signed by half a million Protestants/Loyalists declaring allegiance to the King
1949 - The Communist Party of China writes the Common Programme for the future People's Republic of China.
1954 - The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.
1963 - The second period of the Second Vatican Council opens.
1971 - Oman joins the Arab League.
1979 - Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to set foot on Irish soil with his visit to the Republic of Ireland.
1991 - Military coup in Haiti
Famous Birthdays:
1240 - Margaret of England, Queen consort of Scotland, she was Queen consort to Alexander III "the Glorious", King of the Scots.
1548 - William V, Duke of Bavaria
1766 - Charlotte, Princess Royal, later Queen Charlotte of Württemberg; eldest daughter of George III of Great Britain
1786 - Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico
1924 - Steve Forrest, actor
1938 - Wim Kok, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1939 - Rhodri Morgan, 2nd First Minister of Wales
1951 - Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
1961 - Julia Gillard, former Prime Minister of Australia
1999 - His Excellency Don Juan Valentín de Todos los Santos Urdangarín y de Borbón, 8th in line to the Spanish throne
2008 - Emma Tallulah Behn, member of the extended Norwegian royal family 7th in line to the throne
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