1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
1332 - Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.
1478 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.
1637 - Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by 6 warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
1797 - French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.
1814 - Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau.
1861 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
1861 - With the Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy.
1900 - Second Boer War: Imperial forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life on Bloody Sunday, the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg.
1913 - Pedro Lascuráin becomes President of Mexico for 45 minutes; this is the shortest term to date of any person as president of any country.
1942 - World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore.
1943 - The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.
1954 - The first Church of Scientology is established in Los Angeles, California.
1965 - The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1979 - Snow falls in the Sahara Desert in southern Algeria for the only time in recorded history.
2004 - Up to 295 people, including nearly 200 rescue workers, die near Neyshabur in Iran when a runaway freight train carrying sulfur, petrol and fertilizer catches fire and explodes.
Famous Birthdays
1374 - St Jadwiga of Poland, Queen of Poland
1516 - Queen Mary I of England
1658 - Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, writer
1883 - Madan Lal Dhingra, Revolutionary
1898 - Enzo Ferrari, founder of Ferrari
1925 - George Kennedy, actor
1941 - Irma Thomas, singer
1947 - HRH Princess Christina of the Netherlands
1954 - John Travolta, actor
1967 - Marco Aurélio, footballer
1977 - Ike Barinholtz, actor
1984 - HRH Stéphanie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
1989 - Vicente, footballer
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