306 - Martyrdom of Saint Barbara.
771 - Charlemagne becomes the sole King of the Franks after the death of his brother Carloman.
1484 - Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany and leads to one of the most oppressive witch hunts in European history.
1496 - King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree of expulsion of "heretics" from the country.
1590 - Niccolò Sfondrati becomes Pope Gregory XIV.
1757 - Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
1914 - The Italian Parliament proclaims the neutrality of the country.
1932 - German-born Swiss physicist Albert Einstein is granted an American visa.
1955 - E.D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
1964 - Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war.
1977 - Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt.
2005 - The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there.
Famous Birthdays:
1377 - Jianwen, Emperor of China
1443 - Pope Julius II
1595 - Henry Lawes, composer
1881 - René Cresté, actor
1925 - Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Former President of Nicaragua
1927 - His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, Rama IX, current world's longest-serving head of state and longest reigning monarch in Thailand
1956 - Brian Backer, actor
1967 - HRH Konstantin-Assen, Prince of Vidin, Duke of Saxony
1975 - Paula Patton, actress
1982 - Keri Hilson, singer
1985 - Frankie Muniz, actor
1989 - Gregory Tyree Boyce, actor
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