1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
1787 - Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1806 - Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire.
1825 - Bolivia gains independence from Spain
1914 - World War I: Serbia declares war on Germany; Austria declares war on Russia.
1940 - Estonia was illegally annexed by the Soviet Union
1942 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands becomes the first reigning Queen to address a joint session of the United States Congress.
1945 - World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning.
1962 - Jamaica becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
2012 - NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, lands on Mars.
Famous Birthdays:
1504 - Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury
1697 - Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
1861 - Edith Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States
1881 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scientist
1926 - Frank Finlay, actor
1937 - Barbara Windsor, actress
1972 - Geri Halliwell, singer (Spice Girls)
1977 - Luciano Zavagno, Argentine footballer
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